Phone to PC - Free download and software reviews. Pros. The program does exactly what it says it will do. It restored the whole of my (large) library on i. Tunes, including those I'd downloaded from my personal collection. Not only that, I'd had to restore my laptop to factory settings this week, and needed to use the program again which was giving me a problem as I had obviously lost the software. The help and support I got from the company was second to none and I was guided through it extremely efficiently and pleasantly. Cons. None, in my personal experience. Summary. A great product, with a great support team. Reply to this review. Was this review helpful?(0) (0). You. Tube - Wikipedia. You. Tube, LLCScreenshot Screenshot of You. Tube's homepage. Type of business. Subsidiary. Type of site. How to fix 'YouTube videos won't play/upload/start' issues? This guide solves YouTube videos not playing problems and helps you load and play 4K/1080p HD YouTube. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Replay Video Capture records ANY video directly from your PC screen. If you can see it, you can capture it in super-high quality. No time for getting used to a complex video editing program? Do you need to back up your camcorder or TV recordings onto your PC quickly or burn them directly to DVD.KeepVid Video Downloader is a free web application that allows you to download videos from sites like YouTube, Facebook, Twitch.Tv, Vimeo, Dailymotion and many. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including 60 cricket matches of the Indian Premier League. According to YouTube, this was the first. Phone to PC transfers music, video or playlist from iPod and iPhone onto your computer and into iTunes. Recover your music in iTunes after your computer crashes. Download SnapTube for PC. First of all, you must download an Android Emulator so that you can run Android Apps on PC. Download and install BlueStacks. Video hosting service. Founded. February 1. Headquarters. 90. Cherry Avenue, San Bruno, California, United States. Coordinates. 37. The service was created by three former Pay. Pal employees – Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim – in February 2. Google bought the site in November 2. US$1. 6. 5 billion; You. Tube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, add to favorites, report and comment on videos, subscribe to other users, and it makes use of Web. M, H. 2. 64/MPEG- 4 AVC, and Adobe. Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user- generated and corporate media videos. Download shareware, freeware and Demo software for PC, Mac, Linux, and Handhelds categorized into categories, plus software reviews. Available content includes video clips, TV show clips, music videos, short and documentary films, audio recordings, movie trailers and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos. Most of the content on You. Tube has been uploaded by individuals, but media corporations including CBS, the BBC, Vevo, and Hulu offer some of their material via You. Tube as part of the You. Tube partnership program. Unregistered users can only watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos and add comments to videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 1. You. Tube earns advertising revenue from Google Ad. Sense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. The vast majority of its videos are free to view, but there are exceptions, including subscription- based premium channels, film rentals, as well as You. Tube Red, a subscription service offering ad- free access to the website and access to exclusive content made in partnership with existing users. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen commented that the idea that You. Tube was founded after a dinner party . Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2. The site's owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against You. Tube in November 2. You. Tube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. According to You. Tube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: . The app is designed to provide an experience optimized for children, and features a simplified user interface, curated selections of channels featuring age- approriate content (including existing channels and entertainment brands), and parental control features. You. Tube remains as a subsidiary of Google. The complex has 5. Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the H. Web. M formats could play the videos, and not all videos on the site were available. Supported browsers include Chrome, Safari 8, and Internet Explorer 1. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 1. Such captioning is usually not perfectly accurate, so You. Tube provides several options for manually entering the captions for greater accuracy. It supports Web. M files and also 3. GP, allowing videos to be uploaded from mobile phones. All the video formats on You. Tube use progressive scanning. You. Tube attributes this to uploading of made- for- TV content. At the time of the 7. You. Tube player was changed from a 4: 3aspect ratio to a widescreen. In November 2. 00. HD support was added. In July 2. 01. 0, You. Tube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4. K format, which allows a resolution of up to 4. The former names of standard quality (SQ), high quality (HQ) and high definition (HD) have been replaced by numerical values representing the vertical resolution of the video. The default video stream is encoded in the VP9 format with stereo Opus audio; if VP9/Web. M is not supported in the browser/device or the browser's user agent reports Windows XP, then H. MPEG- 4 AVC video with stereo AAC audio is used instead. Until December 2. URL parameter known as fmt that allowed a user to force a profile using itag codes.^ . The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3. D effect. In May 2. HTML5 version of the You. Tube player began supporting side- by- side 3. D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3. D Vision. On March 1. You. Tube enabled 3. You. Tube 3. 60 can also be viewed from all other virtual reality headsets. Each You. Tube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by or related to another user's video are able to make a . On August 2. 7, 2. You. Tube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature. You. Tube Mobile was launched in June 2. RTSP streaming for the video. This required You. Tube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H. You. Tube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, i. Pod Touch and the i. Phone. In some cases, the message . The local version is subject to the content regulations found in Turkish law. The removal of videos posted by the major record companies occurred after failure to reach agreement on a licensing deal. The dispute was resolved in September 2. It offers advertising- free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to the Google Play Music . Initially launching in five major U. S. Subscribers can also receive Showtime and Fox Soccer Plus as optional add- ons for an extra fee, and can access You. Tube Red original content (You. Tube TV does not include a You. Tube Red subscription). Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. While You. Tube's revenue- sharing . By early 2. 01. 3 Billboard had announced that it was factoring You. Tube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 1. Howard quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using . Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 1. President Obama to discuss how government could better connect with the . President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading You. Tube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney. Usually no more than half of eligible videos have a pre- roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers. You. Tube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running for revenue. Generally prohibited material includes sexually explicit content, videos of animal abuse, shock videos, content uploaded without the copyright holder's consent, hate speech, spam, and predatory behavior. You. Tube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCAtakedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. Any successful complaint about copyright infringement results in a You. Tube copyright strike. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted. You. Tube responded by stating that it . The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling . Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling. The case involved Stephanie Lenz from Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, who had made a home video of her 1. Prince's song . Summit Entertainment LLC, professional singer Matt Smith sued Summit Entertainment for the wrongful use of copyright takedown notices on You. Tube. The performance rights organization GEMA argued that You. Tube had not done enough to prevent the uploading of German copyrighted music. You. Tube responded by stating: “We remain committed to finding a solution to the music licensing issue in Germany that will benefit artists, composers, authors, publishers and record labels, as well as the wider You. Tube community. When a dispute occurs, the uploader of the video has to contact UMG. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that You. Tube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found. You. Tube describes Content ID as . The uploading of videos containing defamation, pornography, and material encouraging criminal conduct is prohibited by You. Tube's terms of service. You. Tube responded by stating: We have strict rules on what's allowed, and a system that enables anyone who sees inappropriate content to report it to our 2. We educate our community on the rules and include a direct link from every You. Tube page to make this process as easy as possible for our users. Given the volume of content uploaded on our site, we think this is by far the most effective way to make sure that the tiny minority of videos that break the rules come down quickly. Congressman Anthony Weiner urged You. Tube to remove from its website videos of imam Anwar al- Awlaki.
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Form 1. 04. 0 and its instructions were not adopted in. Administrative Procedure Act. The Internal Revenue Code does not require any. Internal Revenue Service has. Privacy Act Statement included in Form 1. The Internal Revenue Service is not an agency of the. Delaware (or, alternatively, an agency of the government of Puerto. Rico). The notices issued by the IRS are not. Secretary of the Treasury. Secretary has failed to properly delegate the. The notices issued by the IRS are invalid because. I. R. C. At first, they might be unable to believe. Eventually, they might be polite. Suppose the challenger is not convinced, but insists. At that point, they will be jaw- droppingly. That is the way judges view tax protesters. At first, they try to. However. after dismissing case after case with the same insane claims. The frustration of judges is well described in the following. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, responding to an. FAQ: “We are sensitive to the need for the courts to. An appeal that lacks merit is not always- -or often- -frivolous. Crain’s. present appeal is of this sort. It is a hodgepodge of unsupported. Welcome to the Exact Staff family! No matter where you are in your career, Exact Staff is dedicated to providing you the greatest employment experience. Process Service Requirements by State. Below are the Service Process Requirements listed out by state. Please note that the below service rules apply to adult. The Tax Protester FAQ Introduction What is the purpose of this FAQ? The purpose of this FAQ is to provide concise, authoritative rebuttals to nonsense about the U.S. This page was designed to help our clients better understand our New York Certificate of Relief from Disabilities service. You will find answers to the question. Od pierwszej prezentacji Agili w. Child Adoption Laws Montana. We hope to help you learn more about the child adoption laws in the State of Montana. Please note that while we have tried to be as.The. government should not have been put to the trouble of responding to. Crain v. Commissioner, 7. F. 2d 1. 41. 7, 1. Cir. 1. 98. 4). The court not only ruled against Crain, but imposed a damage award. Id at 1. 41. 8. So, when a judge calls an argument “ridiculous” or. It means that the person arguing the case has absolutely. ![]() It doesn’t mean that the case wasn’t well argued. The argument was absolutely. The judge is not telling you that. The judge is telling you that. This FAQ addresses only assertions that are frivolous, and only. It is not the purpose of. FAQ to criticize any opinion, or stifle any debate, about the. For example. claims that the federal income tax is unfair, morally equivalent to. FAQ. However, a claim that the. FAQ. Finally, it should be noted that this FAQ does not include all of. United States Supreme Court and Circuit. Courts of Appeal that have most clearly refuted these tax protester. District Court and Tax Court decisions have been included to. Circuit Court of Appeals. Tax Court and. District Courts have not been included, as well as many published and. Courts of Appeals. Related topics: What is a “tax protester”? There are lots of tax protesters who have won. IRS, such as John Cheek, Lloyd Long, and Gail. Sanocki. There are many lawyers and well- educated. People like Lowell. H. Becraft, Irwin Schiff, etc. There are lots of court decisions favorable. A “tax protester” is only. Internal. Revenue Service in accordance with the IRS definition of “tax. What penalties can be imposed on tax. Why do tax protesters keeping violating the laws, and. Is tax protesting a cult? Other web sites with information on tax protester. What is a “tax protester”? The phrase “tax protester” is commonly applied to two. People who refuse to pay taxes in order. United States v. 1. F. 2d 8. 50, 7. 3- 1 U. S. 9. 70 (1. 97. 3)); and. People who refuse to pay taxes or file tax returns out of a. FAQ. Secondly, they claim that. In 2. 00. 8, the Department of Justice began using the phrase “tax. Hochman, Tax Division’s. Assistant Attorney General, Announces Creation of the National Tax. Defier Initiative,” Rel. However, the label “tax defier”. Just. like “Holocaust deniers” attempt to rationalize and. Nazi Germany deliberately exterminated millions of Jews), “tax. Constitution allows. Congress to impose a tax on the incomes of citizens and residents of. United States and that Congress has exercised that power). Many. (if not most) tax protesters do not “protest” the federal. Although the phrase “tax denier” may be more accurate. FAQ will (for the time being) continue to use the more. Related topics: Constitutional Fallacies. The federal income tax is unconstitutional. False. It is true that there is an apportionment requirement in. Constitution for “direct taxes,” but the 1. Amendment clearly eliminates the apportionment requirement for all. Before the adoption of the 1. Amendment, the constitutionality. Article I, Section 9, Clause 4. Constitution, which states that. No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be. Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before. The reference to the “Census or Enumeration” was a. Article I, Section 2, of the Constitution, which directs. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be. States which may be included within. Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be. Number of free Persons, including. Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not. Persons.”. (“All other Persons” meant slaves.)Whether or not an income tax should have been considered to be a. Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and. States, and without regard to any. And so, following the ratification of the 1. Amendment, Congress enacted an unapportioned income tax, and the. Supreme Court. held unanimously that the income tax was constitutional because “in. Amendment provides that income taxes, from whatever. Brushaber v. 1 (1. The arguments that tax protesters make about the validity and. Amendment will be dealt with in other. FAQ. No. one answerd.”To understand the context of the debates about “direct. Article VII of the Articles of Confederation that. Constitution was ratified, the states were. Congress required “in. State,” and yet. each state had only one vote, so the larger states were required to. United States and yet could be. An early draft of the new Constitution, proposed to the convention. William Paterson of New Jersey, provided for the apportionment of. Taxes.”. This suggests that “direct Taxes” were considered to be. Congress from the states. Taking the debates reported in Madison’s Notes as a. Taxes” was intended to address the concerns of the relatively. United States, with large. There are several statements in the Federalist Papers in. For example, in Federalist #1. Alexander Hamilton (who had been a. In so opulent a nation as that of Britain. America, far the greatest part of the national. Duties on imported articles form a large branch of this. Emphasis added.)And, in Federalist #2. Alexander Hamiton wrote: “Impositions of this kind . Those of the direct kind, which. Emphasis added.)And, in Federalist #5. Hamilton or Madison wrote that the. States.”Each of these statements is consistent in their understanding that. Only nine years after the constitutional convention, the Supreme. Court affirmed this understanding in Hylton v. United States. 3 U. S. Three of the four justices who decided the case wrote. Justice Chase wrote that: “I am inclined to think, but of this I do not. Constitution, are only two, to wit, a capitation, or poll tax. LAND. I doubt whether a tax, by a general. United States, is. Hylton v. United States, 3. U. S. 1. 71 (1. 79. Justice Chase; emphasis in. Justice Paterson (who was a delegate to the constitutional. Whether direct taxes, in the sense of the. Constitution, comprehend any other tax than a capitation tax, and tax. I never entertained a doubt. I will not say, the only, objects, that the. Constitution contemplated as falling within the rule. Hylton v. United States, 3. U. S. 1. 71 (1. 79. Justice Paterson). Finally, Justice Iredell (who was not a delegate to the. North Carolina. convention that debated ratification of the Constitution) expressed. Perhaps a direct tax in the sense of the. Constitution, can mean nothing but a tax on something inseparably. Something capable of apportionment under all. A land or a poll tax may be considered of. Hylton v. United States, 3. U. S. 1. 71 (1. 79. Justice Iredell). Justice Wilson, who was also a member of the constitutional. Circuit Court of. Virginia” in which he upheld the constitutionality of the tax. In 1. 86. 9, reviewing the acts of Congress that had imposed “direct. Hylton decision, as well as the opinions in. Hylton case itself, the Supreme Court confirmed that: “This review . And: “. 5. 33, 5. Finally, in a challenge to a general income tax imposed on. Supreme Court followed the opinions from the Hylton. United States. 1. U. S. 5. 86 (1. 88. That would seem to have settled the issue, except that the Supreme. Court decided to re- examine the question of whether an income tax was. Hylton and Springer. In the first Pollock decision, a majority of the court (7. Supreme. Court decision before or since (and repudiated by the Supreme Court. New York v. The Court then. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co., 1. U. S. On rehearing, a narrower majority (5 of the 9. Farmers Bank and Trust Co., 1. U. S. 6. 01 (1. 89. As will be discussed in more detail below. Pollock court was very clear that it was only a tax on the. This was. confirmed in Brushaber v. Nevertheless, the Pollock decisions limited. Congress to impose a taxes on incomes, because it was. Wages, salaries, and. The 1. 6th Amendment was. Congress, and ratified by the states, so that. Congress could tax incomes “from whatever source derived. States, and without regard to. Tax Protester “Evidence”Most tax protester arguments that a tax on incomes is a “direct. U. S. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co.. U. S. 6. 01 (1. 89. However, the Pollock decisions were rendered in 1. Amendment. which was proposed in 1. Pollock decisions.“. Any argument that relies upon the Pollock decisions is. Related topics: The income tax cannot apply to. Constitution. False. Although the meaning of “direct tax” has sometimes. Congress could apply to, and be collected from, individual citizens. Constitution. One common mistake made by tax protesters is in assuming that the. Capitation, or other direct, Tax” in the. Constitution is a reference to any tax that is collected “directly”. Download Data Structures And Algorithms Made Easy Data Structures And Algorithmic Puzzles Fifth Edition . 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He illustrates the various categories: each . ![]() Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implications. By - March 5, 2006 Updated - May 2, 2006. Introduction; Origin Mythology. The AXS Cookie Policy. This website, like most others, uses cookies in order to give you a great online experience. By continuing to use our website you accept to our. Reflection on the concept of an object has its first theoretical articulation in Aristotle's Categories, where he distinguishes between. To give a rough idea. Lyceum, in the market- place; of when. There is an important distinction pointed. I can´t believe I have not found this blog earlier!Aristotle between individual objects and kinds. Thus, for some purposes, discussion of substance. In the Categories, this distinction is. Thus Fido the dog is a primary. Each arm of this distinction raises different issues. If. one is concerned with kinds of substance, one obvious question. But if one is. concerned with individuals, the parallel question is . ![]() LIVE Podcast Every Wednesday. Click Here to listen in on terrific LIVE Podcasts each and every Wednesday at 2:30 Central, 12:30 Pacific. In more recent centuries, the council of Trent granted all the mendicant orders except the Friars Minor and the Capuchins the. This is the conception. They are not. individual objects nor kinds of individual object. Events, or Hume's impressions and ideas. I’m not a parent, but the fact you’re even taking the time to bother with this is a serious display of patience in my book. I mean, if I were you, I’d tell my. Atoms. fundamental kinds of stuff, gods, or abstract entities, such as. Platonic Forms or numbers, might be considered to be substantial to the. God, or abstract. Substances. are typified as: being ontologically basic—substances are the things from. This. can be expressed as: The substances in a given system are those entities crucial from. One. could plausibly say that an account is intuitively more appealing, the. Probably, the. Aristotelian tradition comes nearest to doing this. The selection made will concentrate on those philosophers in. First we. shall look at the development of the concept in the ancient world. Aristotle. His account dominated debate. Middle Ages and until the early modern period. We shall. consider various rationalist and empiricist treatments of the concept. They thought, that is, that. Thales, for example. Anaximenes that. everything was a form of air. For Anaximander, the . By. contrast, atomists such as Democritus took those determinate particular. Atoms are objects in our ordinary sense, though they are not. Classical atoms are, therefore, strong instances. According to Plato, the. Forms which material objects. These Forms are not substances in the sense of being. Rather they are the driving principles. In itself, the. rest would be, at most, an unintelligible chaos. The Forms meet. criterion (i)—ontological basicness—but in a slightly. They meet (ii)—durability—in a strong fashion. They are not, in the intended senses, the. They do not do well on (v) for they. See Fine (1. 99. 3).) They are in no way kinds of stuff, hence. But failure to meet these standards is not carelessness. Plato's part. It reflects his emphasis on criterion (i), together. These will be. discussed in turn. Categories. Aristotle's account in Categories can, with some. The primary. substances are individual objects, and they can be contrasted. Thus, Fido is a primary substance. Rover are also predicable of. The interpretation of these expressions is, as. Aristotelian cruxes, very controversial, but a useful way. Dog is said of Fido. Fat and the others. Fido the individual is not. It is. natural to reply to this that an object is not an attribute of a place. Although this may be true, it presupposes that we. Whether this is legitimate might depend on what the objective. If the objective were to explain the difference between substance. If we have to distinguish the sense in which properties are. If, on the. other hand, the objective is simply to differentiate between concepts. Categories achieves its objective. If we understand his project in this. Aristotle as presenting various marks of substance in. Categories. The marks of primary substance are: Being objects of predication but not being themselves predicable of. Being able to receive contraries. There could be no instances of. So we need marks. On this. he says two things. For only they, of things predicated, reveal the primary. For if one. is to say of the primary substance what it is, it will be more apt to. The second of these two points is more uncontroversial than the. The first is, however, once again. It appeals to the fundamental intuition. Only in Section 3. Wiggins's theory, will. Aristotle denies that this is so when. The features that. Aristotle saysthe differentia also is not in a subject. For footed and. two- footed are said of man as subject, but are not in a subject. The. issue is what constitutes the unity of the species or secondary. In order to begin to see how Aristotle. Categories. This takes place mainly in. Metaphysics, Book Z. In the latter, the analysis of. Categories. The distinction has led. Aristotle's . It seems unlikely. Aristotle's Platonic background, that his early thought. Whichever. interpretation of the development of Aristotle's thought is correct. Aristotelian account of substance. The form. is what kind of thing the object is, and the matter is. Relative to the human. The matter of an axehead is the iron. Relative to the elements, earth, fire, air and. First, there is matter, second, form and third, the. Aristotle acknowledges that matter can. Categories (1. 02. This. suggests an inadequacy or incompleteness in the account. Categories, for there he had seemed to assume that being. Two of the criteria of. Introduction above are: (v) being. Aristotle acknowledges that things under. But, without seeming to give much argument, he strongly. The. composite seems more consonant with the doctrine of. Categories, for the composite is the individual. Aristotle. however, chooses the form as more paradigmatically substance. This has. puzzled some commentators. Wiggins (1. 99. 8: 2. Categories and. Metaphysics is wholly unhelpful. The choice of form as. But whether substantial forms are. Aristotle is a controversial matter. Interpreters. disagree about whether the doghood that is in Fido is best regarded as. The matter is still an essential. It is clear, however, that if one holds that. Aristotle thinks that forms are universals, then forms are not. Plato, Aristotle makes it plain that. Substances for Aristotle are individuals. One we have already noticed, namely (i) whether such. The others are (ii) what is the. We have already noticed this question when. Categories. This is connected with the second question, for it is. What I mean by this is as. Let us agree, for purposes of argument, that human. It is uncontroversial that these properties are meant to be. But what is the relation. Is the presence of. We saw in the previous section that the differentia in. This seems to. suggest that calling an object a substance of a certain sort is not. Aristotle is undoubtedly a realist about substantial forms, in. There are two interpretations of what Aristotle meant by this. Empiricist philosophers of science used to. Concepts in the. other sciences are thus only a kind of shorthand for laborious. Few, if any, philosophers of. They agree that, even if the world is. Even if dogs are wholly. This is not for. mere shorthand convenience, but because of the kinds of things in. There are interpreters of Aristotle who think that this. Aristotle means—or needs to. The nature of the matter places restrictions on what. The substantial. form plays, therefore, an essential role, not merely in certain kinds. Whichever of these is the correct interpretation of. Aristotle, it was the second which was the core of . Philosophers and scientists of the seventeenth and eighteenth. Aristotelian doctrine of substance. It also meets (ii), relative durability, although in a. Individual substances are more durable than. There are at least two senses in. First, Aristotle believes the. So. that, even though particular objects are subject to degeneration and. Second, generation and decay. Any form that does not. This applies. to the active intellect, which is an essential feature of all human. Metaphysics, Book Lambda. As Aristotle's substances are. A nod is made in the. Aristotle does not develop. They are: (1) explaining and justifying the. It is because the. Aristotle as a unified entity in its own right, and not just as a name. Aristotle regards this. The standard account of the medieval treatment of the topic is that. S. Thomas Aquinas is the only important figure and what he says. Aristotle, except for making things more rigid and. It is clear, however, that this is a serious. For a more nuanced and sophisticated view, see. Lagerlund (2. 01. Our discussion of Aristotle ended by returning to the issue if the. Various aspects of this issue of the unity of. According to. Aquinas, a substance possessed only one form, and its matter was the. In other words the informed. Some of the disagreements were internal to the hylomorphic. Duns Scotus, for example, argued that a dead person's body was. The soul had. departed, so the form which was the immortal soul could not be. This argument may seem to be. On the one hand. Ockham was committed to hylomorphism, in that a substance is composed. But he reverses the priorities of Aquinas and. Scotus by saying that the parts are actual in their own right and do. This line of thought opened the way. Buridan, who represents a further development in. In this sense, I am not the same as I was yesterday. Buridan, Physics I,q. The rationalists' substances are not, however, the. Descartes (like Aristotle and unlike most of his. He did not. believe in a void between bodies, so there is a sense in which there is. For. Descartes, therefore, material substance falls more naturally into the. The cogito. shows that Descartes definitely believes that each person is a. There is, therefore, no causal role for. His two. substances are each defined in terms of one property (extension for. As he does not have substances as individuals made of kinds of. It is an unending controversy whether. Spinoza was a pantheist, or an atheist who called nature. Everything else is a mode of this one substance. The view. is analogous to a claim that the universe is space- time as a whole. If this were true, material objects. The analogy would be more exact if one. Spinoza's view represents the extreme end. For. Leibniz, God contains within himself all possibilities, not just the. Leibniz acknowledges created. God. In the. Discourse on Metaphysics, (Section 1. God, who. conserves them and indeed who produces them continuously by a kind of. |